Sky-image-based solar forecasting using deep learning has been recognized as a promising approach in reducing the uncertainty in solar power generation. However, one of the biggest challenges is the lack of massive and diversified sky image samples. In this study, we present a comprehensive survey of open-source ground-based sky image datasets for very short-term solar forecasting (i.e., forecasting horizon less than 30 minutes), as well as related research areas which can potentially help improve solar forecasting methods, including cloud segmentation, cloud classification and cloud motion prediction. We first identify 72 open-source sky image datasets that satisfy the needs of machine/deep learning. Then a database of information about various aspects of the identified datasets is constructed. To evaluate each surveyed datasets, we further develop a multi-criteria ranking system based on 8 dimensions of the datasets which could have important impacts on usage of the data. Finally, we provide insights on the usage of these datasets for different applications. We hope this paper can provide an overview for researchers who are looking for datasets for very short-term solar forecasting and related areas.

Solar forecasting from ground-based sky images using deep learning models has shown great promise in reducing the uncertainty in solar power generation. One of the biggest challenges for training deep learning models is the availability of labeled datasets. With more and more sky image datasets open sourced in recent years, the development of accurate and reliable solar forecasting methods has seen a huge growth in potential. In this study, we explore three different training strategies for deep-learning-based solar forecasting models by leveraging three heterogeneous datasets collected around the world with drastically different climate patterns. Specifically, we compare the performance of models trained individually based on local datasets (local models) and models trained jointly based on the fusion of multiple datasets from different locations (global models), and we further examine the knowledge transfer from pre-trained solar forecasting models to a new dataset of interest (transfer learning models). The results suggest that the local models work well when deployed locally, but significant errors are observed for the scale of the prediction when applied offsite. The global model can adapt well to individual locations, while the possible increase in training efforts need to be taken into account. Pre-training models on a large and diversified source dataset and transferring to a local target dataset generally achieves superior performance over the other two training strategies. Transfer learning brings the most benefits when there are limited local data. With 80% less training data, it can achieve 1% improvement over the local baseline model trained using the entire dataset. Therefore, we call on the efforts from the solar forecasting community to contribute to a global dataset containing a massive amount of imagery and displaying diversified samples with a range of sky conditions.

太阳能的间歇性质挑战了光伏（PV）在电网中的大规模集成。使用深度学习的基于天空图像的太阳预测已被认为是预测短期波动的一种有希望的方法。但是，对于基于图像的太阳预测，几乎没有公开可用的标准化基准数据集，这限制了不同预测模型的比较和预测方法的探索。为了填补这些空白，我们介绍了Skipp'd-天空图像和光伏发电数据集。该数据集包含三年（2017-2019）的质量控制下采样的天空图像和PV发电数据，这些数据可用于使用深度学习的短期太阳能预测。此外，为了支持研究的灵活性，我们还提供了高分辨率，高频天空图像和PV发电数据以及并发的Sky录像。我们还包括一个包含数据处理脚本和基线模型实现的代码库，以供研究人员重现我们以前的工作并加速其在太阳预测中的研究。

In intensively managed forests in Europe, where forests are divided into stands of small size and may show heterogeneity within stands, a high spatial resolution (10 - 20 meters) is arguably needed to capture the differences in canopy height. In this work, we developed a deep learning model based on multi-stream remote sensing measurements to create a high-resolution canopy height map over the "Landes de Gascogne" forest in France, a large maritime pine plantation of 13,000 km$^2$ with flat terrain and intensive management. This area is characterized by even-aged and mono-specific stands, of a typical length of a few hundred meters, harvested every 35 to 50 years. Our deep learning U-Net model uses multi-band images from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 with composite time averages as input to predict tree height derived from GEDI waveforms. The evaluation is performed with external validation data from forest inventory plots and a stereo 3D reconstruction model based on Skysat imagery available at specific locations. We trained seven different U-net models based on a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 bands to evaluate the importance of each instrument in the dominant height retrieval. The model outputs allow us to generate a 10 m resolution canopy height map of the whole "Landes de Gascogne" forest area for 2020 with a mean absolute error of 2.02 m on the Test dataset. The best predictions were obtained using all available satellite layers from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 but using only one satellite source also provided good predictions. For all validation datasets in coniferous forests, our model showed better metrics than previous canopy height models available in the same region.

We study the algorithm configuration (AC) problem, in which one seeks to find an optimal parameter configuration of a given target algorithm in an automated way. Recently, there has been significant progress in designing AC approaches that satisfy strong theoretical guarantees. However, a significant gap still remains between the practical performance of these approaches and state-of-the-art heuristic methods. To this end, we introduce AC-Band, a general approach for the AC problem based on multi-armed bandits that provides theoretical guarantees while exhibiting strong practical performance. We show that AC-Band requires significantly less computation time than other AC approaches providing theoretical guarantees while still yielding high-quality configurations.

算法配置（AC）与对参数化算法最合适的参数配置的自动搜索有关。目前，文献中提出了各种各样的交流问题变体和方法。现有评论没有考虑到AC问题的所有衍生物，也没有提供完整的分类计划。为此，我们引入分类法以分别描述配置方法的交流问题和特征。我们回顾了分类法的镜头中现有的AC文献，概述相关的配置方法的设计选择，对比方法和问题变体相互对立，并描述行业中的AC状态。最后，我们的评论为研究人员和从业人员提供了AC领域的未来研究方向。

荧光显微镜是一直是观察胚胎（体内）生长的长期成像随时间的重要工具。然而，累积暴露是对如此敏感的实时样本的光毒性。虽然像光片荧光显微镜（LSFM）这样的技术允许减少曝光，但它不太适用于深度成像模型。其他计算技术是计算昂贵的并且通常缺乏恢复质量。为了解决这一挑战，可以使用各种低剂量成像技术来实现使用轴向（Z轴）的少量切片实现3D体积重建;但是，它们通常缺乏恢复质量。而且，在轴向上获取致密图像（具有小步骤）是计算昂贵的。为了解决这一挑战，我们介绍了一种基于压缩的感测（CS）方法来完全重建具有相同信噪比（SNR）的3D卷，其具有小于励磁剂量的一半。我们展示了该理论并通过实验验证了这种方法。为了证明我们的技术，我们在斑马鱼胚脊髓（30um厚度）中捕获RFP标记神经元的3D体积，使用共聚焦显微镜轴向采样0.1um。从结果中，我们观察到基于CS的方法从整个堆叠光学部分的小于20％的高于20％实现精确的3D体积重建。在该工作中的开发的基于CS的方法可以容易地应用于其他深度成像模态，例如双光子和光板显微镜，其中还原样品毒性是一个关键挑战。

在本文中，我们提出了基于卷的方法，用于建模生成模型的潜空间的张力。目标是识别潜伏空间中的语义方向。为此，我们建议在结构化的面部表情数据库上拟合多线性张量模型，其最初嵌入到潜伏中。我们使用Bu-3DFE作为结构化的面部表情数据库验证了我们在FFHQ上训练的样式登上的方法。我们展示了如何通过交替的最小二乘来近似多线性张量模型的参数。此外，我们介绍了一个闪烁的样式分离的张量模型，被定义为特定于风格的模型的集合，以将我们的方法与样式达的延长潜空间集成在一起。我们表明，考虑到延长潜空间的各种方式导致更高的模型灵活性和更低的重建误差。最后，我们做了几个实验比较了我们对前所不机和多线性模型的前工作的方法。具体地，我们分析表达子空间，发现表达轨迹在与早期工作一致的冷漠面上相遇。我们还表明，通过改变一个人的姿势，我们方法的产生图像比两个竞争方法的结果更接近地面。

We aim to model the top-down attention of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifier for generating task-specific attention maps. Inspired by a top-down human visual attention model, we propose a new backpropagation scheme, called Excitation Backprop, to pass along top-down signals downwards in the network hierarchy via a probabilistic Winner-Take-All process. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of contrastive attention to make the top-down attention maps more discriminative. In experiments, we demonstrate the accuracy and generalizability of our method in weakly supervised localization tasks on the MS COCO, PASCAL VOC07 and ImageNet datasets. The usefulness of our method is further validated in the text-to-region association task. On the Flickr30k Entities dataset, we achieve promising performance in phrase localization by leveraging the top-down attention of a CNN model that has been trained on weakly labeled web images.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.